The stable fly resembles the house fly but is more robust and aggressive and inflicts an irritating bite. 2. 1959; 50 (1): 165 – 9. Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. Bulletin of Entomological Research. Pathology: Both male and female stable flies are avid blood feeders, feeding on any warm-blooded animal. : I.—A Method of Rearing large Numbers of Stomoxys calcitrans. Stomoxys feeds on a wide variety of hosts including cattle, horses, pigs and humans. Unlike most members of the family Muscidae, Stomoxys calcitrans ('sharp mouth' + 'kicking') and others of its genus suck blood from mammals. Identification and Life Cycle. Now found worldwide, the … This notion is consistent with what is known of its overwintering strategy in the temperate zone, which involves continuous breeding in sufficiently warm shelters ( Sømme 1961 , Greene et al. Following engorgement, both male and female stable flies … Stable flies are obligate blood feeders and primarily attack cattle and horses for a blood meal. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This fly is a synanthropic (associated with human activities) pest, mainly biting horses and cattle, but Studies on Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in Uganda, East Africa. Females fed only blood or blood and sugar-water ad libitum showed a periodic pattern of blood ingestion. S. calcitrans is a moderate-sized, gray to black fly about the size of a housefly. Adults usually live 15 to 25 days, but may live up to two months. The pattern of blood feeding in males of Stomoxys calcitrans L. is different from that of females. ... Their life cycle and food sources are similar to house flies, although development is slower (20 to 25 days from egg to adult). The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus), superficially resembles the house fly, but bears stiff, elongated mouthparts modified for biting animals and people and feeding on blood. Figure 2: Morphological comparison between Stomoxys calcitrans (left) and Musca domestica (right) (credit: Caroline Nicolas, 2014) Development cycle. About 6 or 8 mm long, it has 4 distinct, dark longitudinal stripes on the thorax and several dark spots on the abdomen with sharp mouthparts protruding from the … J Vis Exp. and deer flies (Chrysops sp. The life cycle from the production of an egg to a fully mature adult can range from 12-60 days. The first part of this paper, dealing with the external mouthparts and the digestive system, appeared in vol. 1 ). During the two years' experience as Entomologist to the Bureau of Agriculture in the Philippine Islands the author has specially studied the development and life-history of Stomoxys calcitrans. Life Cycle The worldwide occurring species S. calcitrans (= stable fly) reaches a size of up to 7 mm and is found mainly in stables (Fig. Adults live on average between 4 and 5 weeks. Stomoxys calcitrans was considered as the most abundant because its population was found the greatest in dairy farms (Muenworn et al. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. At 15°C, S. calcitrans has shown some capacity to complete its life cycle and to increase in number—at least after developing at optimal temperature. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), the stable fly (Figure 1), is a filth fly of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. v, pp. ), can cause severe stress and annoyance to cattle. Blood-sucking flies, such as horn flies (Haematobia irritans), stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), horse flies (Tabanus sp.) Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Diptera: Muscidae) are important pests of livestock worldwide with heavy economic impact (Kunz et al. Introduction. The age at which the female begins egg laying has been determined in bred flies as the ninth day. " Larvae migrate for a while in deeper tissues. These are the most economically important species of fly affecting confined livestock in North America. Without food, they survive only about two to three days. The paper concludes with observations on the habitat of Stomoxys and with a short summary of its life-cycle. Studies on Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in Uganda, East Africa. Painful bites can lead to loss of blood and discomfort, which may result in lower productivity of bitten livestock. Identification: Stable flies bite livestock, domestic animals and man, but unlike horn flies remain on their hosts only when attempting to feed. Hypoderma sp. In the second part the circulatory, nervous and reproductive systems are discussed. The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, has a cosmopolitan distribution. After bloodsucking the females deposit 60–100 eggs per batch (800 in total) onto the faeces of cattle, horses, or degenerating plants. Bionomic aspects of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) were studied under laboratory conditions. Photograph by Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), sometimes called the "biting fly," is a common fly that attacks people living in neighborhoods where livestock (e.g., horses, cattle) or livestock facilities are present. Larvae eventually migrate to the subcutaneous tissue of the cattle’s thoracolumbar region and cut holes in the skin for respiration. Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) Description. 2012).This pest reproduces in decomposing organic matter including crop residues and animal manure. A ventral comparison of adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (left), and house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (right). Life Cycle and Epidemiology II.—Notes on life-history and behaviour - Volume 53 Issue 2 - H. C. M. Parr General characteristics and life cycle. S. calcitrans may also establish breeding sites on livestock farms because of the existence of favourable conditions for the life cycle, thus gaining easy access to hosts . The B. besnoiti life cycle and many epidemiological traits are still poorly known. Stomoxys calcitrans (Stable fly) Identification & Distribution: Body length 4-7 mm; mouthparts extended forwards as a long piercing proboscis; palps less than one third the length of the proboscis; gray in colour with four black stripes on the thorax; characteristic pattern of dark spots on the second and third abdominal segments - one marked median spot and two lateral round spots. Adult flies can survive for around 1 month. Stomoxys calcitrans has a high resemblance to Musca domestica. The life cycle in the field can be completed in 2–3 wk, and adults may live ≥3–4 wk. Other species, including Stomoxys nigra, occur in South Africa. Watch Queue Queue 421-430 of the same journal. Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) is an international insect that has become an aggravating pest in Western Australia, particularly on the coastal plain, north and south of Perth. Eggs hatch in about 4 days and larvae crawl down hair and penetrate skin. 1989 , Thomas et al. Immature forms of stable flies were incubated according to species. 1991, Foil and Hogsette 1994, Taylor and Berkebile 2006).Annual losses in the United States have been estimated to exceed $2 billion (Taylor et al. Stomoxys calcitrans is commonly called the stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, or power mower fly. Life cycle Adult flies lay as many as 800 eggs on hairs of cattle’s legs. 2010b, Changbunjong et al. Common Flies of Cattle Jenny Halstead Several fly species are considered to be significant pests of both free-ranging and confined cattle. In this study, Stomoxys species (S. calcitrans, S. sitiens and S. indica) were examined to improve on the current technique for mass rearing using a method of combined incubation parameters. 22.] 135 kb: Female. Female flies ingest more blood than males. For this reason, laboratory-rearing techniques were optimized at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. This video is unavailable. [This Review, B., I, p. Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera. The colony was maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10% RH under a 12-hour light cycle and observed daily. In the absence of these animal hosts, they will bite people and dogs. Stable flies, both males and females, are obligate blood-feeding flies of livestock grouped under the genus Stomoxys. Hematophagous flies, including the worldwide-distributed Stomoxys calcitrans, could be mechanical vectors in the contamination of mouthparts after the puncture of cutaneous cysts or ingestion of infected blood. They can overwinter in heated breeding sites and thus maintain breeding activity throughout the year. Stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) are hematophagous flies that require one to two bloodmeals per day as adults for successful mating and egg development ( Anderson 1978, Chia et al. It can attack humans, domestic pets and livestock, seeking to draw blood which is essential to complete its life cycle. IJAAR 6 (2018) 30-37 ISSN 2053-1265 Stomoxys calcitrans and its importance in livestock: a review Gautam Patra*1, Parthasarathi Behera2, Samares Kumar … 10 Friesen K, Berkebile DR, Zhu JJ, Taylor DB. The following is a summary of his study: - " 1. Stomoxys calcitrans is presently distributed worldwide, and was introduced into North America from Europe during the 1700's. S. calcitrans is 5-7mm long, and both the males and females suck blood. Life-cycle and control of the vectors Hypoderma lineatum and Stomoxys calcitrans causing major animal diseases Stomoxys calcitrans The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), is also sometimes called the “biting fly”, "biting house fly" or “dogfly”. Describe the life cycle of Stomoxys calcitrans - Lays eggs in batches in dung mixed with straw and urine , in silage, split feed, bran, sheltered compost heaps - Flies take several blood meals to mature their eggs - Build up during the Summer - spill out onto cattle on pasture. 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